BERHANU

BERHANU KUMA

WELCOME TO BERHANU KUMA WEBSITE

Get in touch

Services

What We Do

---

BERHANU KUMA

---

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

---

• Gebre Gebretsadik won the victory of Seyoum Mesfin in the campaign. በዘመቻ ስዩም መስፍን የተገኘውን ድል ገብረ ገብረጻድቅ ከግንባር።
  Gebre Gebretsadik won the victory of Seyoum Mesfin in the campaign. በዘመቻ ስዩም መስፍን የተገኘውን ድል ገብረ ገብረጻድቅ ከግንባር።
• The genocidal campaign against the civil society of the people of Tigray has continued with the war and the plundering of the Tigreans’ property and the massacre of the Tigrayans. The oppression of the people and the rape of women, mothers in Tigray and so on. It is still happening. This is the angle of injustice in Tigray.
  The genocidal campaign against the civil society of the people of Tigray has continued with the war and the plundering of the Tigreans’ property and the massacre of the Tigrayans.
• ⚖️በአገራችን ስላለው የአስተዳደራዊ ድንጋጌ አወጣጥ አጠቃላይ ዳሰሳ ⚖️መመሪያ የሌለው መመሪያ ⚖️
  በአገራችን ስላለው የአስተዳደራዊ ድንጋጌ አወጣጥ አጠቃላይ ዳሰሳ በህግ አውጭው የወጣ አንድ አዋጅ ስጋና ደም ለብሶ በተጨባጭ ተፈጻሚነት እንዲያገኝ ብዙውን ጊዜ ዝርዝር የአፈጻጸም መመሪያዎች ያስፈልጉታል፡፡ በኢትዮጵያ ያለውን ሁኔታ ያየን እንደሆነ አንድ የመንግስት ሰራተኛ በተወካዮች ም/ቤት ከሚወጣው አዋጅ ይልቅ በየጊዜው ስለሚደነገጉት መመሪያዎች የተለየ ቅርበትና እውቀት አለው፡፡ በእያንዳንዱ አስተዳደር መ/ቤት ውስጥ የመንግስት ስራ የሚሰራው ‘በህጉ መሰረት’ ሳይሆን ‘በመመሪያው መሰረት’ ስለመሆኑ እውነትነት ያለው ሀቅ ነው፡፡ስልጣን በሰጠው አዋጅ መሰረት እስከወጣ ድረስ በመመሪያ መስራቱ ባልከፋ ነበር፡፡ ሆኖም ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ‘መመሪያ’ ሲባል ከስልጣን በላይ ለሆነ ድርጊት፣ ለህገ ወጥነትና ለኢ-ፍትሐዊነት የሚሰጥ የሽፋን ልብስ ነው፡፡ ዋና ችግሩ ከውክልና ሰጪው ከተወካዮች ም/ቤት ይጀምራል፡፡ በተለያዩ አዋጆች ላይ ለሚኒስትሮች ም/ቤትና ለአስተዳደር መ/ቤቶች በውክልና የሚተላለፈው ስልጣን እንደሰማይ የሰፋ ቢሆንም ጥያቄው የህግ የበላይነትና የህገ-መንግስታዊነት ሆኖ ተመክሮበት አያውቅም፡፡ከዚህ ባሻገር አነስተኛ ስነ-ስርዓት ፈጽሞ አለመኖሩ መመሪያዎች ‘የስርቻው ስር ህጎች’ ሆነው እንዲቀሩ አድርጐታል፡፡ በተጨማሪም ህጋዊነታቸውንና በህግ አውጭው ከተሰጣቸው ስልጣን በላይ አለማለፋቸውን በተግባር የሚያረጋግጥ ውጤታማ የቁጥጥር ስልት አልተዘረጋም፡፡ መመሪያ የሌለው መመሪያ አስተዳደራዊ ድንጋጌ አወጣጥ ስርዓት (Rule–Making Procedure) ግልፅነትና የህዝብ ተሳትፎን በማሳካት ረገድ ካለው ወሳኝ ሚና በተጨማሪ በዘፈቀደ በሚወጡ ደንብና መመሪያዎች አማካይነት የዜጐች መብትና ነፃነት እንዳይጣስ ከለላና ውጤታማ የመቆጣጠሪያ መሳሪያ ነው፡፡ በአገራችን በሚኒስትሮች ም/ቤትና በአስተዳደር መ/ቤቶች የሚወጡ ደንቦችና መመሪያዎች ለየትኛውም አይነት አስገዳጅ ስነ-ስርዓት አይገዙም፡፡ እስከ አሁን ድረስ ህግ አውጭው አንድ ደንብ በሚኒስትሮች ም/ቤት የሚወጣበትን ስነ-ስርዓት በአዋጅ ደንግጐ አላስቀመጠም፡፡ በተመሳሳይ መልኩ የአስተዳደር መ/ቤቶች መመሪያ ሲያወጡ ሊከተሉት ስለሚገባ ስነ-ስርዓት የሚደነግግ አስገዳጅ ህግ የለም፡፡ከመሰረታዊ የስነ-ስርዓት ቅድመ ሁኔታዎች  አንዱና ዋነኛው አስተዳደራዊ ድንጋጌ ቀላል በሆነ መንገድ ታትሞ መሰራጨት ያለበት መሆኑ ነው፡፡ በተግባር ያለው እውነታ እንደሚያሳየን መመሪያዎች በአስተዳደር መ/ቤቱ ውስጥ ተደብቀው የሚቀሩ የጓዳ ህጐች ናቸው፡፡ አብዛኛዎቹ መመሪያዎች በ3ኛ ወገን ላይ አስገዳጅነት ቢኖራቸውም ሊታወቁና ሊከበሩ የሚችሉበት አንዳችም አማራጭ መንገድ የለም፡፡ ግለሰቦች እና ድርጅቶች በመመሪያው መሰረት እርምጃና ቅጣት ሲወሰድባቸው መመሪያዎቹ ባልታወቁበትና ባልታተሙበት ሁኔታ ነው፡፡ ይህም የግልፅነትን መርህ የሚጥስ፣ ለሙስናና ከስልጣን በላይ ለሆነ ድርጊት እና በስልጣን አለአግባብ መገልገል በአጠቃላይ ለአስተዳደራዊ ብልሹነት የሚያጋልጥ አደገኛ ሁኔታ ነው፡፡ ማንም ዜጋ ላልታተመ፣ ለማያውቀው እና ሊያውቀው ለማይችል ህግ የመገዛት ግዴታ የለበትም፡፡የመመሪያዎች አለመታተም ተፈጻሚነት (ውጤት) የሚያገኙበትን ጊዜ ለመወሰን አስቸጋሪ ያደርገዋል፡፡ ለመሆኑ አንድ መመሪያ ውጤት የሚኖረው ከመቼ ጀምሮ ነው? በተለምዶ በመ/ቤቱ ኃላፊ ከተፈረመበት ቀን ጀምሮ ውጤት ያገኛል፡፡ ሆኖም አንዳንድ ጊዜ ያልተፈረመ መመሪያ በተግባር ተፈጻሚ የሚደረግበት ሁኔታ ያጋጥማል፡፡ በአንዳንድ መመሪያዎች ላይ ደግሞ ተፈጻሚ የሚሆንበት ቀን በግልጽ ቢመለከትም የመ/ቤቱ ኃላፊ ፊርማ የለውም፡፡በስነ-ስርዓት አለመኖር ምክንያት በየአስተዳደር መ/ቤቱ የሚወጡት መመሪያዎች ቅርጽና ይዘት ወጥነት አጥቷል፡፡ መመሪያ ለአውጭውም አካል ሳይቀር አስገዳጅ ህግ እንደመሆኑ አነስተኛ የሚባሉ ቅድመ ሁኔታዎች ሊሟሉ ይገባል፡፡ ለምሳሌ የመመሪያው መለያ ቁጥር፣ የተሻረ መመሪያ ካለ ቁጥሩና የወጣበት ጊዜ አንዲሁም ስልጣን የሰጠውን አዋጅ ቁጥርና አንቀጽ መጥቀስ ይገባል፡፡ እንዲሁም መመሪያው በምእራፍ፣ በክፍልና በአንቀጽ (ቁጥር) ተከፋፍሎ አስገዳጅነት ያለው ድንጋጌ ሊያስቀምጥ ይገባል፡፡ ይዘቱ ጥናት፣ ጥቆማ ወይም ምክር ወዘተ… መምሰል የለበትም፡፡ አስተዳደራዊ ድንጋጌ የማውጣት ስርዓት ስነስርዓት ዋነኛው አስተዳደራዊ ድንጋጌ የማውጣት ስልጣን መቆጣጠሪያ መንገድ ሲሆን የበዘፈቀደ አሰራርን በማስወገድ ረገድ ጉልህ ሚና ይጫወታል፡፡ ዝርዝር የአስተዳደራዊ ድንጋጌ አወጣጥ ስነ-ስርዓት በውክልና የተሰጠ ስልጣን በአግባቡ ተግባር ላይ ስለመዋሉ አንዱ መለኪያ መስፈርት ነው፡፡በአንዳንድ አገራት አስተዳደራዊ ድንጋጌ የሚወጣበት ወጥ የአስተዳደር ስነ-ስርዓት ደንብ (Administrative procedure code) ራሱን ችሎ በተለይ ይደነገጋል፡፡ ወጥ ስነ-ስርዓት በሌለበት ሁኔታ ግን የውክልና ስልጣኑን የሚሰጠው ህግ የአስተዳደር መ/ቤቱ መከተል ያለበትን አነስተኛ የስነ-ስርዓት አካሄድ ለይቶ ያስቀምጣል፡፡ በአገራችን በሚኒስትሮች ም/ቤት ደረጃ ሆነ በአስተዳደር መ/ቤቶች ላይ ተፈፃሚ የሚሆን አስገዳጅና ወጥ የስነ-ስርዓት ደንብ ካለመኖሩም በላይ የውክልናው ምንጭ የሆነው አዋጅ ዝርዝር የስነ-ስርዓት ድንጋጌዎችን አያስቀምጥም፡፡ በዚህ የተነሳ አስተዳደራዊ ድንጋጌዎች ውጤታማ አስተዳደር በማስፈን ረገድ ያላቸውን ሚና ከማሳነሱም በላይ ለህገ-ወጥ አሠራር፣ ሙስና እና አስተዳደራዊ ብልሹነት መንሰራፋት አይነተኛ ምክንያት ሆኗል፡፡ከሌሎች አገራት ተሞክሮ እንደምንረዳው ልዩ ሁኔታዎች እንደ ተጠበቁ ሆነው በውክልና ህግ የሚያወጣ አካል የሚከተሉትን የስነ-ስርዓት ደንቦች መከተል ይጠበቅበታል፡፡ እነዚህም ስነ-ስርዓቶች ማስታወቂያና መረጃ መስጠት፣ ምክክር (የህዝብ ተሳትፎ)፣ ክለሳ እንዲሁም ህትመት በሚል በአራት ዋና ዋና ንዑስ ስርዓቶች ልንከፍላቸው እንችላለን፡፡እነዚህ ንዑስ የስነ-ስርዓት ቅድመ ሁኔታዎች እንደተጠበቁ ሆነው ጥሩ ሊባል የሚችል አስተዳደራዊ ደንብ ወይም መመሪያ ከማርቀቅ ሂደት እንደሚጀምር ልብ ሊባል ይገባል፡፡ ሲረቀቅ ያላማረ ሲጸድቅም አያምርም፡፡ ስለሆነም ደንቡ ወይም መመሪያው ግልጽ፣ በቀላሉ የሚገባ፣ የማያደናግር ይሆን ዘንድ በማርቀቅ ሂደቱ ላይ የህግ ባለሙያ ተሳትፎ ተመራጭነት አለው፡፡aማስታወቂያ እና መረጃ መስጠትየህዝብ ተሳትፎ ለአስተዳደራዊ ድንጋጌው ተዓማኒነትና ተቀባይነት ቅድመ ሁኔታ ነው፡፡ ይህ መሰረት ሀሳብ በተግባር የሚተረጎመው ግልፅ የሆነ የሕዝብ ተሳትፎ ማስፈፀሚያ ስርዓት ሲኖር ነው፡፡ በዚህ ረገድ አስተዳደራዊ ደንቡ ወይም መመሪያው ከመታተሙ በፊት የሚመለከተው የህብረተሰብ ክፍል ሀሳብ፣ ጥቆማ፣ አስተያየት፣ ትችትና ሂስ ለመስጠት እንዲያስችለው ረቂቁን በቀላሉ ማግኘት የሚችልበትን ሁኔታ ማመቻቸት ያስፈልጋል፡፡ለምሳሌ በአሜሪካ የካሊፎርኒያ ግዛት በውክልና ህግ የማውጣት ስነ-ስርዓት ብንወስድ የሚመከለተው የአስተዳደር መ/ቤት መመሪያ ለማውጣት ሲያቅድ አስቀድሞ ለዚሁ ጉዳይ በተዘጋጀ ጋዜጣ (state register) ማስታወቂያ ያወጣል፡፡ ረቂቁ መመሪያ በሙሉ ወይም በከፊል ከማስታወቂያው ጋር የሚወጣ ሲሆን በከፊል ከታተመ የረቂቁ ሙሉ ቅጂ ስለሚገኝበት አድራሻና ሁኔታ በጋዜጣው ላይ መግለጫ ይሰጣል፡፡ ስለሆነም አስተያየት ማቅረብ የሚፈልግ ወገን መመሪያ በሚያወጣው የአስተዳደር መ/ቤት በቀጥታ በአድራሻው በመሄድ የረቂቁን ቅጂ በነጻ ወይም በአነስተኛ ክፍያ ማግኘት ይችላል፡፡ በተጨማሪም ከኢንተርኔት ድረ-ገጽ ላይ በቀላሉ ይገኛል፡፡bማስታወቂያው በጋዜጣ ላይ ከታተመበት ዕለት ጀምሮ ለ45 ቀናት መቆየት ያለበት ሲሆን ዓላማውም በጉዳዩ ጥቅም ያላቸው ወገኖች አስተያየት፣ ጥቆማና ሂስ ለማቅረብ በቂ ጊዜ እንዲያገኙ ነው፡፡ ሀሳብ መስጠት የፈለገ ማንኛውም ግለሰብ ወይም ድርጅት አስተያየቱን በጽሁፍ፣ በፋክስ፣ በኢ-ሜይል ወይም በሌላ በሚያመቸው መገናኛ ዘዴ መላክ ይችላል፡፡በካሊፎርኒያ ሆነ በሌሎች ግዛቶች ያለው የአስተዳደራዊ ድንጋጌ አወጣጥ ስርዓት ከሞላ ጎደል እ.ኤ.አ. በ1946 ዓ.ም. በፌደራል መንግስት ደረጃ ከወጣው የአስዳደር ስነ ስርዓት ደንብ (Administrative Procedure Act, 1946) ከሚደነግጋቸው ቅድመ ሁኔታዎች ጋር ተቀራራቢ ነው፡፡ በዚህ ህግ መሰረት የአስተዳራዊ ድንጋጌ (በህጉ አነጋገር ‘Rule’) አወጣጥ ስርዓቱ መደበኛ እና ኢ-መደበኛ በሚል ለሁለት (እ.ኤ.አ በ1990 ዓ.ም. የህግ ዕውቅና ያገኘውን Negotiated Rulemaking ሳይጨምር) ተከፍሏል፡፡cመደበኛው ስርዓት እንደ ፍርድ ቤት ክርክር ዓይነት የጉዳዩ መሰማት የሚካሄድበት ሲሆን የሚመለከታቸው ወገኖች አስተያየት ከመስጠት ባለፈ የኤጀንሲውን አቋም ለማስተባበል ተቃራኒ ክርክር እና ማስረጃ ማቅረብ ይፈቀድላቸዋል፡፡d በአሜሪካ የፌደራል መ/ቤቶች በስፋት የሚከተሉትና እንዲከተሉትም የሚገደዱት ኢ-መደበኛውን ስርዓት ሲሆን መሟላት ያላባቸው አነስተኛ ቅድመ ሁኔታዎች ማስታወቂያ፣ አስተያትና ህትመት ናቸው፡፡ የአስተዳደራዊ ድንጋጌ (Rule) አወጣጥ ስርዓቱ ፌደራል ሬጅስተር በሚባለው ዕለታዊ የመንግስት ጋዜጣ ይፋ ማስታወቂያ በማውጣት ይጀመራል፡፡e ማስታወቂያው የሚከተሉትን መግለጫዎች መያዝ ይኖርበታል፡፡ሊወጣ
• ጋብቻ ለመፈጸም ማሟላት የለባቸው ሁኔታዎች
  ጋብቻ ለመፈፀም መሟላት ያለባቸው ሁኔታዎች አንቀጽ ፮ ፈቃድ   የሚፀና ጋብቻ ተፈፀመ የሚባለው ተጋቢዎቹ ለመጋባት ነፃና ሙሉ ፈቃዳቸውን ሲሰጡ ብቻ ነው፡፡   አንቀጽ ፯ ዕድሜ   ፩. ወንዱም ሆነ ሴቷ
• Preliminary Inquiry and Committal for Trial
  Preliminary Inquiry and Committal for Trial Art.80.—Principle.  (1) Where any person is accused of an offence under Art. 522 (homicide in the first degree) or Art. 637 (aggravated robbery) a

More recipes